بحث جاهز للتحميل : قضية كشمير بين الهند وباكستان

????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????, ???? ??????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ??????

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (84471) ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 90% ?? ??????.

?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (????? ????? ?????) ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

????? ???? ?????

???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? 1947. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????-???????????? ?? ????? 1947? ?1965?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1999?. ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????.

????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? 2010 ???? ?? ?? ????? 43% ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? 37% ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? (????? ???????) ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1962?.

??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? 1988 ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1987? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????/????? ?? ??? 1988? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????.

???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 1989?. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? 2008 ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????.

???? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? (Voice of America) ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ??? 2010 ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? -?????? ??????? ?????????- ?????? ???????? ??? 2010.

???? ?????????? ???????? ??? 2014 ???? ???? ????? ??? 26 ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????. 

????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? -????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????- ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? 74% ?95% ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????. 

?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???/?????? ?? ??? 2015 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????.

??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????/????? ????? ?? ??? 2015 ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 370 "????" ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.

?? ??? 2016 (8 ?????/???? ??? ????? ???????) ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? "??? ?????????" ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????.

????.. ????? ?????? ??? ?????

???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 1947? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? 1949 ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????.

??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????: ? ??? ????? (????? ??????) ??? 1974 ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? (????) ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? 1948 ?1949. ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? 1-1-1949 ??? 18 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 139,000 ??????? ????? ?83,807 ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? 2/3 ???? ????? ?1/3 ???? ???????. ?? ??? 1952? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1963 ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????. ?? ??? 1965 ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (??????). ????? ????? / ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1971, ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? (?????) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? 1998 ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? 1999 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? 2001 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ????? 2001 ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ????? 2001: ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? 11 ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 2001. ????? 2002: ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 50 ????. ???? 2002: ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ?????? 2002: ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? 500 ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? 2003: ???? ?????? ?????? ????" ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????." ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? " ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????". ?? ????? 2003? ??? ???? ??????? (??????) ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? (??????)? ?? ??? 2004 ???? ??????? ??? (?????? ?????? ??????) 2+6? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.??? ??? 2006, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? - ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????.

????? ???? ?????: ???????? ?????????

????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? (1255 ??= 1839?) ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? "????????" ????????? ???? ???? ??????? "????????"? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? (7.5) ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? (1366 ??= 1946?)? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????: "?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????".

????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? "????? ????"? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????.

????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? (1353??= 1934?) ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? (28) ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.

???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2011

??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? 2008, ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? 2008????? ???????? ??? ????. ?? ?????? 2009? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? "?? ??????" ???? ???? ?? 50-60 ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 2010? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? " ???????? ?????? ??????" ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? "?????? ??????? ???????". ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.

???? ??? ??? 2010? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? 17 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? 100 ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????. ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? "????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????"? ???? ??????? ????? ???? "??? ?????" ????? ??????? "?????? ??? ?????." ? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???.??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? 23-24 ????? 2011? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? 27 ????? 2011? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????.? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.

????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????

1.  ???? ??????? ?? ?????

???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? :

• ?? 97% ?? ?????? ??????
• ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????.
• ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????.
• ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
• ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
• ?? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????" ??????" ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1951. "????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ". ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? "?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????".
• ???? ??????? ??????: ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????.????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? "????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????.

???? ????? ?? ???? ?????

???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????:

• ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1947
• ?? ????? ??? ??? 1947 ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? –???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
• ?? ????? ??????? –???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
• ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????

????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???

1. ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????
2. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
3. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.
4. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????
5. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1949 ? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1956 ?????? ???? ?????

????? ?????

??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? 1957 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????.

??????: ???? ?????

???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????

??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? 17 ?????/???? 1947 ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????.

??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 13 ??????/????? 1948 ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????

?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1947 ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 18 ?????/?? 1948 ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????.

?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????.

??? ????? ??? ?????

?? ??? 1965 ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????/????? 1965 ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????.

?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????/????? ?????? 1966 ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????.

??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????

??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? (????????) ?? ???????? ??????????.

????? ??? ????? ??? 1971 ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?????

???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1972 ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 17 ??????/????? ????? 1971 ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????.

?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1971? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????/????? 1987 ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? "?????" ????? ???????? 1987? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???? ??? 1990 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.

???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???.

?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????.

??? ??????

??? ?? ??? ?? ?????/???? 1999 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? "???? ?? ?????"? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????.

??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.

??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 13 ??????/????? ????? 2001 ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? "?????????" ?????? ???????????.

???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? "???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????".

????? ????? ?????

???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????.

??????: ???? ????? ?? ????.. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? 70 ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????.

?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? «??? ?????»? ????? ?? ??? «?????»

????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? (86-96??)? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

????.. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????

??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? 400 ????? ????? ???????? ?? «???????»? ???? ???????? ?????? 25% ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.

???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? -??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????- ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? 5 ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????/?? 1947.

????? ??? ????? ????????

????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 12 ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.

 ????? ????? ?????

???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????.

???? ????? ????????

???? ????? ???????? 3 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1949 ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 1965 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???  1971?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

??? 1947 ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????

?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

?? ?????/?????? 1947: ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? -??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????- ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????.

??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? «????» ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? «???? ?????» ?? «????? ?????». ?????/?? 1947: ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? 200 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? «???? ?????».

??????/????? ????? 1947: – ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????.

??????/????? ?????? 1947: ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????/????? ?????? 1949? ??????? ????? ??? ?????: ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????.

??? 1965 ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????

???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? 1963-1964? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????/????? ????? 1964? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? /????? 1965: ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 3 ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????????.

?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? «????»? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?????/?????? 1965: ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

5 ?????/?? 1965: ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????.

??????/????? 1965: ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? «????» ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? «??????».

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? «?????? ?????? ??????»? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1971.

??? 1971 ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????

?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? 8 ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.

??????/????? ????? 1971:  ???? ????? -??????? «???????? ???????» (?? ?????? ????????)- ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

5 ??????/????? ????? 1971: ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????????????? «????» ?»??? ?????».

6 ??????/????? ????? 1971: ???? ????? ???? «?????»? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????????? «???????» ? «????????».

??????/????? ????? 1971: ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? 24 ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????.

10 ??????/????? ????? 1971: ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? 2000 ???? ????? ????????.

????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? 20 ??????/????? ????? 1971.

??? ????? ???????? 1999 ??? ?????

?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 1999? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.. ?? ????? ??????.

??????: ??????? ??????: ??? ?? ???? ?? 70 ?????

?????: ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.